Thrombophilias as risk factors for disorders of pregnancy and fetal damage.

Inherited thrombophilias have been suggested as a possible condition of increased susceptibility to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although there is no consensus on the association between the factor V Leiden mutation and early (less than 10 weeks) pregnancy loss, the evidence suggests an association between the mutation and second-, and third-trimester fetal loss and severe preeclampsia. At present the relationship between the prothrombin G20210A mutation and inherited thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy outcomes remains controversial. Due to the low prevalence, AT and PC deficiencies have been rarely found as the cause of complicated pregnancy, whereas increased risk for preeclampsia and fetal losses has been found in relation to PS deficiency. Concerning the association between pathological pregnancies and PAI-1 4G/5G deletion/insertion polymorphism, only few controversial data are available. A meta-analysis of ten case-control studies suggested an association between hyperhomocysteinemia, MTHFR C677T mutation and repeated pregnancy losses before 16 weeks. Recently a role for Angiotensin Converting Enzyme I/D polymorphism in obstetrical complications has been suggested.